Deuterium echo-planar spectroscopic imaging (EPSI) in the human liver in vivo at 7 T
Kyung Min Nam, Ayhan Gursan, Alex A. Bhogal, Jannie P. Wijnen, Dennis W. J. Klomp, Jeanine J. Prompers, Arjan D. Hendriks
Abstract
Purpose
To demonstrate the feasibility of deuterium echo-planar spectroscopic imaging (EPSI) to accelerate 3D deuterium metabolic imaging in the human liver at 7 T.
Methods
A deuterium EPSI sequence, featuring a Hamming-weighted k-space acquisition pattern for the phase-encoding directions, was implemented. Three-dimensional deuterium EPSI and conventional MRSI were performed on a water/acetone phantom and in vivo in the human liver at natural abundance. Moreover, in vivo deuterium EPSI measurements were acquired after oral administration of deuterated glucose. The effect of acquisition time on SNR was evaluated by retrospectively reducing the number of averages.
Results
The SNR of natural abundance deuterated water signal in deuterium EPSI was 6.5% and 5.9% lower than that of MRSI in the phantom and in vivo experiments, respectively. In return, the acquisition time of in vivo EPSI data could be reduced retrospectively to 2 min, beyond the minimal acquisition time of conventional MRSI (of 20 min in this case), while still leaving sufficient SNR. Three-dimensional deuterium EPSI, after administration of deuterated glucose, enabled monitoring of hepatic glucose dynamics with full liver coverage, a spatial resolution of 20 mm isotropic, and a temporal resolution of 9 min 50 s, which could retrospectively be shortened to 2 min.
Conclusion
In this work, we demonstrate the feasibility of accelerated 3D deuterium metabolic imaging of the human liver using deuterium EPSI. The acceleration obtained with EPSI can be used to increase temporal and/or spatial resolution, which will be valuable to study tissue metabolism of deuterated compounds over time.