Whole knee joint mapping using a phase modulated UTE adiabatic T1ρ (PM-UTE-AdiabT1ρ) sequence
Yajun Ma, Michael Carl, Qingbo Tang, Dina Moazamian, Jiyo S. Athertya, Hyungseok Jang, Susan V. Bukata, Christine B. Chung, Eric Y. Chang, Jiang Du
Abstract
Purpose
To develop a 3D phase modulated UTE adiabatic T1ρ (PM-UTE-AdiabT1ρ) sequence for whole knee joint mapping on a clinical 3 T scanner.
Methods
This new sequence includes six major features: (1) a magnetization reset module, (2) a train of adiabatic full passage pulses for spin locking, (3) a phase modulation scheme (i.e., RF cycling pair), (4) a fat saturation module, (5) a variable flip angle scheme, and (6) a 3D UTE Cones sequence for data acquisition. A simple exponential fitting was used for T1ρ quantification. Phantom studies were performed to investigate PM-UTE-AdiabT1ρ’s sensitivity to compositional changes and reproducibility as well as its correlation with continuous wave–T1ρ measurement. The PM-UTE-AdiabT1ρ technique was then applied to five ex vivo and five in vivo normal knees to measure T1ρ values of femoral cartilage, meniscus, posterior cruciate ligament, anterior cruciate ligament, patellar tendon, and muscle.
Results
The phantom study demonstrated PM-UTE-AdiabT1ρ’s high sensitivity to compositional changes, its high reproducibility, and its strong linear correlation with continuous wave–T1ρ measurement. The ex vivo and in vivo knee studies demonstrated average T1ρ values of 105.6 ± 8.4 and 77.9 ± 3.9 ms for the femoral cartilage, 39.2 ± 5.1 and 30.1 ± 2.2 ms for the meniscus, 51.6 ± 5.3 and 29.2 ± 2.4 ms for the posterior cruciate ligament, 79.0 ± 9.3 and 52.0 ± 3.1 ms for the anterior cruciate ligament, 19.8 ± 4.5 and 17.0 ± 1.8 ms for the patellar tendon, and 91.1 ± 8.8 and 57.6 ± 2.8 ms for the muscle, respectively.
Conclusion
The 3D PM-UTE-AdiabT1ρ sequence allows volumetric T1ρ assessment for both short and long T2 tissues in the knee joint on a clinical 3 T scanner.